Retinoids are vitamin A derivatives and among the most evidence-backed skincare ingredients for ageing and acne. Retinol is the milder over-the-counter form; tretinoin is a stronger prescription version. They work by accelerating skin cell turnover and stimulating collagen.
Retinoids have strong, long-standing evidence for improving fine lines, skin texture and acne, with prescription tretinoin being more potent and faster-acting than over-the-counter retinol. This is one of the most robustly evidenced categories in all of skincare.
Irritation, dryness, redness and peeling are common, especially when starting, and skin becomes more sun-sensitive, so daily sunscreen is essential. Retinoids should be avoided during pregnancy and breastfeeding, this is an important and firm restriction.
Avoid retinoids entirely if pregnant, breastfeeding or trying to conceive. Prescription tretinoin requires a doctor. If starting a retinoid, introduce it slowly and use daily sun protection. Persistent severe acne warrants a doctor's assessment.
Over-the-counter retinol is moderately priced; prescription tretinoin follows prescription costs.
Extensive dermatology literature on retinoids for photoageing and acne. Pregnancy safety guidance on retinoids. Educational information only. Tretinoin is prescription-only.